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GNU gettext utilities

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

1.1 The Purpose of GNU gettext
1.2 I18n, L10n, and Such
1.3 Aspects in Native Language Support
1.4 Files Conveying Translations
1.5 Overview of GNU gettext

2. PO Files and PO Mode Basics

2.1 Completing GNU gettext Installation
2.2 The Format of PO Files
2.3 Main PO mode Commands
2.4 Entry Positioning
2.5 Normalizing Strings in Entries

3. Preparing Program Sources

3.1 Triggering gettext Operations
3.2 Preparing Translatable Strings
3.3 How Marks Appear in Sources
3.4 Marking Translatable Strings
3.5 Special Comments preceding Keywords
3.6 Special Cases of Translatable Strings

4. Making the PO Template File

4.1 Invoking the xgettext Program

4.1.1 Input file location
4.1.2 Output file location
4.1.3 Choice of input file language
4.1.4 Operation mode
4.1.5 Language=C/C++ specific options
4.1.6 Output details
4.1.7 Informative output

5. Creating a New PO File

5.1 Invoking the msginit Program

5.1.1 Input file location
5.1.2 Output file location
5.1.3 Output details
5.1.4 Informative output

5.2 Filling in the Header Entry

6. Updating Existing PO Files

6.1 Invoking the msgmerge Program

6.1.1 Input file location
6.1.2 Operation mode
6.1.3 Output file location
6.1.4 Output file location in update mode
6.1.5 Operation modifiers
6.1.6 Output details
6.1.7 Informative output

6.2 Translated Entries
6.3 Fuzzy Entries
6.4 Untranslated Entries
6.5 Obsolete Entries
6.6 Modifying Translations
6.7 Modifying Comments
6.8 Details of Sub Edition
6.9 C Sources Context
6.10 Consulting Auxiliary PO Files
6.11 Using Translation Compendia

6.11.1 Creating Compendia

6.11.1.1 Concatenate PO Files
6.11.1.2 Extract a Message Subset from a PO File

6.11.2 Using Compendia

6.11.2.1 Initialize a New Translation File
6.11.2.2 Update an Existing Translation File

7. Manipulating PO Files

7.1 Invoking the msgcat Program

7.1.1 Input file location
7.1.2 Output file location
7.1.3 Message selection
7.1.4 Output details
7.1.5 Informative output

7.2 Invoking the msgconv Program

7.2.1 Input file location
7.2.2 Output file location
7.2.3 Conversion target
7.2.4 Output details
7.2.5 Informative output

7.3 Invoking the msggrep Program

7.3.1 Input file location
7.3.2 Output file location
7.3.3 Message selection
7.3.4 Output details
7.3.5 Informative output

7.4 Invoking the msgfilter Program

7.4.1 Input file location
7.4.2 Output file location
7.4.3 The filter
7.4.4 Useful filter-options when the filter is `sed'
7.4.5 Output details
7.4.6 Informative output

7.5 Invoking the msguniq Program

7.5.1 Input file location
7.5.2 Output file location
7.5.3 Message selection
7.5.4 Output details
7.5.5 Informative output

7.6 Invoking the msgcomm Program

7.6.1 Input file location
7.6.2 Output file location
7.6.3 Message selection
7.6.4 Output details
7.6.5 Informative output

7.7 Invoking the msgcmp Program

7.7.1 Input file location
7.7.2 Operation modifiers
7.7.3 Informative output

7.8 Invoking the msgattrib Program

7.8.1 Input file location
7.8.2 Output file location
7.8.3 Message selection
7.8.4 Attribute manipulation
7.8.5 Output details
7.8.6 Informative output

7.9 Invoking the msgen Program

7.9.1 Input file location
7.9.2 Output file location
7.9.3 Output details
7.9.4 Informative output

7.10 Invoking the msgexec Program

7.10.1 Input file location
7.10.2 Informative output

8. Producing Binary MO Files

8.1 Invoking the msgfmt Program

8.1.1 Input file location
8.1.2 Operation mode
8.1.3 Output file location
8.1.4 Output file location in Java mode
8.1.5 Output file location in Tcl mode
8.1.6 Input file interpretation
8.1.7 Output details
8.1.8 Informative output

8.2 Invoking the msgunfmt Program

8.2.1 Operation mode
8.2.2 Input file location
8.2.3 Input file location in Java mode
8.2.4 Input file location in Tcl mode
8.2.5 Output file location
8.2.6 Output details
8.2.7 Informative output

8.3 The Format of GNU MO Files

9. The User's View

9.1 The Current `ABOUT-NLS' Matrix
9.2 Magic for Installers
9.3 Magic for End Users

10. The Programmer's View

10.1 About catgets

10.1.1 The Interface
10.1.2 Problems with the catgets Interface?!

10.2 About gettext

10.2.1 The Interface
10.2.2 Solving Ambiguities
10.2.3 Locating Message Catalog Files
10.2.4 How to specify the output character set gettext uses
10.2.5 Additional functions for plural forms
10.2.6 How to use gettext in GUI programs
10.2.7 Optimization of the *gettext functions

10.3 Comparing the Two Interfaces
10.4 Using libintl.a in own programs
10.5 Being a gettext grok
10.6 Temporary Notes for the Programmers Chapter

10.6.1 Temporary - Two Possible Implementations
10.6.2 Temporary - About catgets
10.6.3 Temporary - Why a single implementation
10.6.4 Temporary - Notes

11. The Translator's View

11.1 Introduction 0
11.2 Introduction 1
11.3 Discussions
11.4 Organization

11.4.1 Central Coordination
11.4.2 National Teams

11.4.2.1 Sub-Cultures
11.4.2.2 Organizational Ideas

11.4.3 Mailing Lists

11.5 Information Flow

12. The Maintainer's View

12.1 Flat or Non-Flat Directory Structures
12.2 Prerequisite Works
12.3 Invoking the gettextize Program
12.4 Files You Must Create or Alter

12.4.1 `POTFILES.in' in `po/'
12.4.2 `LINGUAS' in `po/'
12.4.3 `Makefile' pieces in `po/'
12.4.4 `configure.in' at top level
12.4.5 `config.guess', `config.sub' at top level
12.4.6 `mkinstalldirs' at top level
12.4.7 `aclocal.m4' at top level
12.4.8 `acconfig.h' at top level
12.4.9 `config.h.in' at top level
12.4.10 `Makefile.in' at top level
12.4.11 `Makefile.in' in `src/'
12.4.12 `gettext.h' in `lib/'

12.5 Autoconf macros for use in `configure.in'

12.5.1 AM_GNU_GETTEXT in `gettext.m4'
12.5.2 AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION in `gettext.m4'
12.5.3 AM_ICONV in `iconv.m4'

12.6 Integrating with CVS

12.6.1 Avoiding version mismatch in distributed development
12.6.2 Files to put under CVS version control
12.6.3 Invoking the autopoint Program

12.6.3.1 Options
12.6.3.2 Informative output

13. Other Programming Languages

13.1 The Language Implementor's View
13.2 The Programmer's View
13.3 The Translator's View

13.3.1 C Format Strings
13.3.2 Python Format Strings
13.3.3 Lisp Format Strings
13.3.4 Emacs Lisp Format Strings
13.3.5 librep Format Strings
13.3.6 Smalltalk Format Strings
13.3.7 Java Format Strings
13.3.8 awk Format Strings
13.3.9 Object Pascal Format Strings
13.3.10 YCP Format Strings
13.3.11 Tcl Format Strings

13.4 The Maintainer's View
13.5 Individual Programming Languages

13.5.1 C, C++, Objective C
13.5.2 sh - Shell Script
13.5.3 bash - Bourne-Again Shell Script
13.5.4 Python
13.5.5 GNU clisp - Common Lisp
13.5.6 GNU clisp C sources
13.5.7 Emacs Lisp
13.5.8 librep
13.5.9 GNU Smalltalk
13.5.10 Java
13.5.11 GNU awk
13.5.12 Pascal - Free Pascal Compiler
13.5.13 wxWindows library
13.5.14 YCP - YaST2 scripting language
13.5.15 Tcl - Tk's scripting language
13.5.16 Perl
13.5.17 PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
13.5.18 Pike

13.6 Internationalizable Data

13.6.1 POT - Portable Object Template
13.6.2 Resource String Table
13.6.3 Glade - GNOME user interface description

14. Concluding Remarks

14.1 History of GNU gettext
14.2 Related Readings

A. Language Codes
B. Country Codes
Program Index
Option Index
Variable Index
PO Mode Index
Autoconf Macro Index
General Index