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GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) Internals

Table of Contents

1. Contributing to GCC Development
2. GCC and Portability
3. Interfacing to GCC Output
4. Language Front Ends in GCC
5. Source Tree Structure and Build System

5.1 Configure Terms and History
5.2 Top Level Source Directory
5.3 The `gcc' Subdirectory

5.3.1 Subdirectories of `gcc'
5.3.2 Configuration in the `gcc' Directory

5.3.2.1 Scripts Used by `configure'
5.3.2.2 The `config.gcc' File
5.3.2.3 Files Created by configure

5.3.3 Build System in the `gcc' Directory
5.3.4 Makefile Targets
5.3.5 Library Source Files and Headers under the `gcc' Directory
5.3.6 Headers Installed by GCC
5.3.7 Building Documentation

5.3.7.1 Texinfo Manuals
5.3.7.2 Man Page Generation
5.3.7.3 Miscellaneous Documentation

5.3.8 Anatomy of a Language Front End

5.3.8.1 The Front End `language' Directory
5.3.8.2 The Front End `config-lang.in' File

5.3.9 Anatomy of a Target Back End

5.4 Test Suites

5.4.1 Idioms Used in Test Suite Code
5.4.2 C Language Test Suites
5.4.3 The Java library test suites.

6. Passes and Files of the Compiler
7. Trees: The intermediate representation used by the C and C++ front ends

7.1 Deficiencies
7.2 Overview

7.2.1 Trees
7.2.2 Identifiers
7.2.3 Containers

7.3 Types
7.4 Scopes

7.4.1 Namespaces
7.4.2 Classes

7.5 Declarations
7.6 Functions

7.6.1 Function Basics
7.6.2 Function Bodies

7.6.2.1 Statements

7.7 Attributes in trees
7.8 Expressions

8. RTL Representation

8.1 RTL Object Types
8.2 RTL Classes and Formats
8.3 Access to Operands
8.4 Flags in an RTL Expression
8.5 Machine Modes
8.6 Constant Expression Types
8.7 Registers and Memory
8.8 RTL Expressions for Arithmetic
8.9 Comparison Operations
8.10 Bit-Fields
8.11 Vector Operations
8.12 Conversions
8.13 Declarations
8.14 Side Effect Expressions
8.15 Embedded Side-Effects on Addresses
8.16 Assembler Instructions as Expressions
8.17 Insns
8.18 RTL Representation of Function-Call Insns
8.19 Structure Sharing Assumptions
8.20 Reading RTL

9. Machine Descriptions

9.1 Overview of How the Machine Description is Used
9.2 Everything about Instruction Patterns
9.3 Example of define_insn
9.4 RTL Template
9.5 Output Templates and Operand Substitution
9.6 C Statements for Assembler Output
9.7 Operand Constraints

9.7.1 Simple Constraints
9.7.2 Multiple Alternative Constraints
9.7.3 Register Class Preferences
9.7.4 Constraint Modifier Characters
9.7.5 Constraints for Particular Machines

9.8 Standard Pattern Names For Generation
9.9 When the Order of Patterns Matters
9.10 Interdependence of Patterns
9.11 Defining Jump Instruction Patterns
9.12 Defining Looping Instruction Patterns
9.13 Canonicalization of Instructions
9.14 Defining RTL Sequences for Code Generation
9.15 Defining How to Split Instructions
9.16 Including Patterns in Machine Descriptions.

9.16.1 RTL Generation Tool Options for Directory Search

9.17 Machine-Specific Peephole Optimizers

9.17.1 RTL to Text Peephole Optimizers
9.17.2 RTL to RTL Peephole Optimizers

9.18 Instruction Attributes

9.18.1 Defining Attributes and their Values
9.18.2 Attribute Expressions
9.18.3 Assigning Attribute Values to Insns
9.18.4 Example of Attribute Specifications
9.18.5 Computing the Length of an Insn
9.18.6 Constant Attributes
9.18.7 Delay Slot Scheduling
9.18.8 Specifying Function Units

9.19 Conditional Execution
9.20 Constant Definitions

10. Target Description Macros and Functions

10.1 The Global targetm Variable
10.2 Controlling the Compilation Driver, `gcc'
10.3 Run-time Target Specification
10.4 Defining data structures for per-function information.
10.5 Storage Layout
10.6 Layout of Source Language Data Types
10.7 Target Character Escape Sequences
10.8 Register Usage

10.8.1 Basic Characteristics of Registers
10.8.2 Order of Allocation of Registers
10.8.3 How Values Fit in Registers
10.8.4 Handling Leaf Functions
10.8.5 Registers That Form a Stack

10.9 Register Classes
10.10 Stack Layout and Calling Conventions

10.10.1 Basic Stack Layout
10.10.2 Exception Handling Support
10.10.3 Specifying How Stack Checking is Done
10.10.4 Registers That Address the Stack Frame
10.10.5 Eliminating Frame Pointer and Arg Pointer
10.10.6 Passing Function Arguments on the Stack
10.10.7 Passing Arguments in Registers
10.10.8 How Scalar Function Values Are Returned
10.10.9 How Large Values Are Returned
10.10.10 Caller-Saves Register Allocation
10.10.11 Function Entry and Exit
10.10.12 Generating Code for Profiling
10.10.13 Permitting tail calls

10.11 Implementing the Varargs Macros
10.12 Trampolines for Nested Functions
10.13 Implicit Calls to Library Routines
10.14 Addressing Modes
10.15 Condition Code Status
10.16 Describing Relative Costs of Operations
10.17 Adjusting the Instruction Scheduler
10.18 Dividing the Output into Sections (Texts, Data, ...)
10.19 Position Independent Code
10.20 Defining the Output Assembler Language

10.20.1 The Overall Framework of an Assembler File
10.20.2 Output of Data
10.20.3 Output of Uninitialized Variables
10.20.4 Output and Generation of Labels
10.20.5 How Initialization Functions Are Handled
10.20.6 Macros Controlling Initialization Routines
10.20.7 Output of Assembler Instructions
10.20.8 Output of Dispatch Tables
10.20.9 Assembler Commands for Exception Regions
10.20.10 Assembler Commands for Alignment

10.21 Controlling Debugging Information Format

10.21.1 Macros Affecting All Debugging Formats
10.21.2 Specific Options for DBX Output
10.21.3 Open-Ended Hooks for DBX Format
10.21.4 File Names in DBX Format
10.21.5 Macros for SDB and DWARF Output
10.21.6 Macros for VMS Debug Format

10.22 Cross Compilation and Floating Point
10.23 Mode Switching Instructions
10.24 Defining target-specific uses of __attribute__
10.25 Miscellaneous Parameters

11. Host Configuration Headers
12. Makefile Fragments

12.1 Target Makefile Fragments
12.2 Host Makefile Fragments

13. collect2
14. Standard Header File Directories
Funding Free Software
The GNU Project and GNU/Linux
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

Preamble
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

GNU Free Documentation License

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

Contributors to GCC
Option Index
Index